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Alabama state - alabama state:Home | Alabama Secretary of State. | The Official Website of the State of Alabama
Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U. With a total of 1, miles 2, km of inland waterways , Alabama has among the most of any state. Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State , after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the "Heart of Dixie " and the "Cotton State". The state tree is the longleaf pine , and the state flower is the camellia.
Alabama's capital is Montgomery , and its largest city by population and area is Huntsville. Originally home to many native tribes, present-day Alabama was a Spanish territory beginning in the sixteenth century until the French acquired it in the early eighteenth century.
The British won the territory in until losing it in the American Revolutionary War. Spain held Mobile as part of Spanish West Florida until In December , Alabama was recognized as a state. During the antebellum period, Alabama was a major producer of cotton , and widely used African American slave labor. In , the state seceded from the United States to become part of the Confederate States of America , with Montgomery acting as its first capital, and rejoined the Union in Following the American Civil War , Alabama would suffer decades of economic hardship, in part due to agriculture and a few cash crops being the main driver of the states economy.
Similar to other former slave states, Alabamian legislators employed Jim Crow laws which disenfranchised and discriminated against African Americans and also Alabama's French Creole population [ citation needed ] from the late 19th century up until the s.
In the early 20th century, despite the growth of major industries and urban centers, white rural interests dominated the state legislature through the midth century. During this time, urban interests and African Americans were markedly under-represented. High-profile events such as the Selma to Montgomery march made the state a major focal point of the civil rights movement in the s and s. Alabama's economy in the 21st century is based on automotive, finance, tourism, manufacturing, aerospace, mineral extraction, healthcare, education, retail, and technology.
The state's geography is diverse, with the north dominated by the mountainous Tennessee Valley and the south by Mobile Bay , a historically significant port.
Politically, as part of the Deep South , Alabama is predominantly a conservative state, and culturally is known for its Southern culture. The European-American naming of the Alabama River and state was derived from the Alabama people , a Muskogean-speaking tribe whose members lived just below the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers on the upper reaches of the river.
Sources disagree on the word's meaning. Some scholars suggest the word comes from the Choctaw alba meaning 'plants' or 'weeds' and amo meaning 'to cut', 'to trim', or 'to gather'. Indigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before the advent of European colonization. The agrarian Mississippian culture covered most of the state from to CE, with one of its major centers built at what is now the Moundville Archaeological Site in Moundville, Alabama.
Analysis of artifacts from archaeological excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars' formulating the characteristics of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex SECC.
The Ceremonial Complex represents a major component of the religion of the Mississippian peoples; it is one of the primary means by which their religion is understood.
Among the historical tribes of Native American people living in present-day Alabama at the time of European contact were the Cherokee , an Iroquoian language people; and the Muskogean-speaking Alabama Alibamu , Chickasaw , Choctaw , Creek, and Koasati. The Spanish were the first Europeans to reach Alabama during their exploration of North America in the 16th century. The expedition of Hernando de Soto passed through Mabila and other parts of the state in More than years later, the French founded the region's first European settlement at Old Mobile in This area was claimed by the French from to as part of La Louisiane.
The latter retained control of this western territory from until the surrender of the Spanish garrison at Mobile to U. Thomas Bassett, a loyalist to the British monarchy during the Revolutionary era, was one of the earliest white settlers in the state outside Mobile. He settled in the Tombigbee District during the early s. What is now the counties of Baldwin and Mobile became part of Spanish West Florida in , part of the independent Republic of West Florida in , and was finally added to the Mississippi Territory in Most of what is now the northern two-thirds of Alabama was known as the Yazoo lands beginning during the British colonial period.
It was claimed by the Province of Georgia from onwards. Following the Revolutionary War, it remained a part of Georgia, although heavily disputed. With the exception of the area around Mobile and the Yazoo lands, what is now the lower one-third of Alabama was made part of the Mississippi Territory when it was organized in The Yazoo lands were added to the territory in , following the Yazoo land scandal. Before Mississippi's admission to statehood on December 10, , the more sparsely settled eastern half of the territory was separated and named the Alabama Territory.
Stephens , now abandoned, served as the territorial capital from to Alabama was admitted as the 22nd state on December 14, , with Congress selecting Huntsville as the site for the first Constitutional Convention.
From July 5 to August 2, , delegates met to prepare the new state constitution. Huntsville served as temporary capital from to , when the seat of government moved to Cahaba in Dallas County. Cahaba, now a ghost town , was the first permanent state capital from to Southeastern planters and traders from the Upper South brought slaves with them as the cotton plantations in Alabama expanded.
The economy of the central Black Belt named for its dark, productive soil was built around large cotton plantations whose owners' wealth grew mainly from slave labor. Alabama had an estimated population of under 10, people in , but it increased to more than , people by From to , Tuscaloosa served as Alabama's capital. On January 30, , the Alabama legislature announced it had voted to move the capital city from Tuscaloosa to Montgomery.
The first legislative session in the new capital met in December The first structure burned down in , but was rebuilt on the same site in This second capitol building in Montgomery remains to the present day. It was designed by Barachias Holt of Exeter, Maine. By , the population had increased to , people, of which nearly half, ,, were enslaved African Americans, and 2, were free people of color.
After remaining an independent republic for a few days, it joined the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy's capital was initially at Montgomery. Alabama was heavily involved in the American Civil War.
Although comparatively few battles were fought in the state, Alabama contributed about , soldiers to the war effort. The company wore new uniforms with yellow trim on the sleeves, collar and coattails. This led to them being greeted with "Yellowhammer", and the name later was applied to all Alabama troops in the Confederate Army. Alabama's slaves were freed by the 13th Amendment in From to , with most white citizens barred temporarily from voting and freedmen enfranchised, many African Americans emerged as political leaders in the state.
Turner , and James T. Following the war, the state remained chiefly agricultural, with an economy tied to cotton. During Reconstruction, state legislators ratified a new state constitution in which created the state's first public school system and expanded women's rights. Legislators funded numerous public road and railroad projects, although these were plagued with allegations of fraud and misappropriation. Reconstruction in Alabama ended in , when the Democrats regained control of the legislature and governor's office through an election dominated by fraud and violence.
They wrote another constitution in , [53] and the legislature passed the Blaine Amendment , prohibiting public money from being used to finance religious-affiliated schools.
The new Constitution of Alabama included provisions for voter registration that effectively disenfranchised large portions of the population, including nearly all African Americans and Native Americans, and tens of thousands of poor European Americans, through making voter registration difficult, requiring a poll tax and literacy test.
By only 2, African Americans were registered in Alabama, although at least 74, were literate. This compared to more than , African Americans eligible to vote in The numbers dropped even more in later decades. While the planter class had persuaded poor whites to vote for this legislative effort to suppress black voting, the new restrictions resulted in their disenfranchisement as well, due mostly to the imposition of a cumulative poll tax.
Despite numerous legal challenges which succeeded in overturning certain provisions, the state legislature would create new ones to maintain disenfranchisement.
The exclusion of blacks from the political system persisted until after passage of federal civil rights legislation in to enforce their constitutional rights as citizens. The rural-dominated Alabama legislature consistently underfunded schools and services for the disenfranchised African Americans, but it did not relieve them of paying taxes. In Alabama these schools were designed, and the construction partially financed with Rosenwald funds, which paid one-third of the construction costs.
The fund required the local community and state to raise matching funds to pay the rest. Black residents effectively taxed themselves twice, by raising additional monies to supply matching funds for such schools, which were built in many rural areas. They often donated land and labor as well. Beginning in , the first 80 Rosenwald Schools were built in Alabama for African American children. A total of schools, seven teachers' houses, and several vocational buildings were completed by in the state.
Several of the surviving school buildings in the state are now listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Continued racial discrimination and lynchings , agricultural depression, and the failure of the cotton crops due to boll weevil infestation led tens of thousands of African Americans from rural Alabama and other states to seek opportunities in northern and midwestern cities during the early decades of the 20th century as part of the Great Migration out of the South.
At the same time, many rural people migrated to the city of Birmingham to work in new industrial jobs. Birmingham experienced such rapid growth it was called the "Magic City".
Its residents were under-represented for decades in the state legislature, which refused to redistrict after each decennial census according to population changes, as it was required by the state constitution. This did not change until the late s following a lawsuit and court order. Beginning in the s, when the courts started taking the first steps to recognize the voting rights of black voters, the Alabama legislature took several counter-steps designed to disfranchise black voters.
The legislature passed, and the voters ratified [as these were mostly white voters], a state constitutional amendment that gave local registrars greater latitude to disqualify voter registration applicants.
Black citizens in Mobile successfully challenged this amendment as a violation of the Fifteenth Amendment. The legislature also changed the boundaries of Tuskegee to a sided figure designed to fence out blacks from the city limits. The Supreme Court unanimously held that this racial " gerrymandering " violated the Constitution.
In , Industrial development related to the demands of World War II brought a level of prosperity to the state not seen since before the civil war. One example of this massive influx of workers occurred in Mobile.
Alabama state - alabama state:.Official Website of the Alabama Secretary of State
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